Why the Range of Indicators Used to Measure Development...

Why the Range of Indicators Used to Measure Development Has Increased in Recent Years Essentially the ideology of development was based on a countries GNP this was down to Rostow’s Model; therefore the only indicator of development was a countries economy. The ideologies have changed and now there are a range of indicators that are used to classify a countries development such as social, demographic, hence including quality of life this gives the ideology of development a more multi dimensional view thus a better understand of what a developed country is. There are three categories that are used to measure development they are economic, social and demographic. Some economic factors used to†¦show more content†¦Other limitations in using GNP is that it needs to measure by a currency and with currencies always changing figures can become less accurate. Also in LEDC’s figures are less accurate and a lot of business is done within the informal sector thus leaving GNP figures very unreliable. It also does not take into account the cost of living is different depending on countries for example 10 dollars in and LEDC will buy a person a lot more than what it would buy you in America. GNP’s frequent use suggest that development is only based on a countries wealth, where as this not true because development is multi dimensional process. The other economic factors such as better transport link and energy consumption tie in well with GNP and make using a countries economy more useful in considering if a country is devel oped or not. Some social indictors of development include the adult literacy rate, incidence of doctors and access to a clean water supply. Adult literacy rates are good measure of development because it shows the countries population who have access to education, with people able to communicate in other ways rather than word of mouth enhances the chance of employment. Also one can compare the literacy rates between male and female if they are more men able to read and write it suggest that women do noShow MoreRelatedThe Federal Open Market Committee1571 Words   |  7 Pagesand contribute to the assessment of the policy options and economy. The Federal Open Market Committee schedules a meeting about every six weeks or so, which comes to around eight meetings per year. The Committee may also hold unscheduled meetings as necessary to review economic and financial developments. The FOMC issues a policy statement following each regular meeting. This policy statement summarizes the policy decision at that meeting and the Committee s outlook on the economy. 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Societal Breakdown On The Island - 1720 Words

Societal breakdown on the island in ‘Lord of the Flies’ is due to the inherent evil of man 3.8: Develop an informed understanding of literature and/or language using critical texts. Hypothesis: Societal breakdown on the island is due to the inherent evil of man Jason Carvalho ‘Lord of the Flies’ is the name of William Golding’s historically famous novel, yet it is more than just a title. It is a kind of statement, a way of mocking the very existences of humanity. Reading this book I came to a very profound and troubling conclusion that I struggle to accept: Societal breakdown on the island is due to the inherent evil of man. I believe that the lack of societal influence is the cause of the breakdown on the island, and not the inherent evil of man. Studying this further I found the novel rather pessimistic and opinionated, to which I undertook additional research. My analysis of a range of critical evaluations, turned up a profound number of contrasting views and opinion, of some which partly aligned with my hypothesis and others with my viewpoint. However what is clear is that with time the critics views changed, with more aligned, with my view point, that man is not inherently evil. During this analysis I will make reference to the au thor William Golding in addition the work of critics, Bernard F. Dick (1987), John F. Fitzgerald John R. Kayser (1992) and Kathleen Woodward (1997), to deliver a compressive, in-depth analysis into the cause of societal breakdown onShow MoreRelatedLord Of The Flies By William Golding1724 Words   |  7 Pagesbut political and societal structures tame this animalistic behavior. In the absence of these frameworks, humanity can return to a primitive state if the impulse is not controlled by the individual. 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Memoization and Fibonacci Numbers for Dynamic Programming

Question: Discuss about theMemoization and Fibonacci Numbers for Dynamic Programming. Answer: Introduction Dynamic programming involves breaking down complex problem into sub-programs that can be solved easily. Once the sub-problem is solved, the answer is combined to get solution to complex a problem. The main problem in this project would be using memoization and dynamic programing concepts in Fibonacci numbers. In many cases, Fibonacci numbers calculation makes use of recursion which is quite iterative in nature. Important to note is that, dynamic programming application in Fibonacci numbers is used to avoid multiple sub-program calculations experienced in recursive algorithms. Memoization in dynamic programming takes both Bottom-pup and Top-down approach in solving the subject problem (Moerkotte Neumann, 2008). The Top-down approach breaks complex problem into sub-optimal problems while Bottom-Up approach combines sub-optimal solutions to desirable solution. The process starts by selecting a problem. Once problem has been identified, the best approach is chosen, Top-down or Bottom-up . Generally, dynamic problem works in cases where problems have right-left inherent order such as sequence of integers, strings ad trees graphs. Memoization involves concepts of storing results from previously computed functions and calling them on demand. On the other hand, recursion takes place when a program function calls itself several times while giving similar results from provided inputs. When results from integers are computed from provided inputs, they are stored in a buffer waiting to be conjoined to one desirable but complex optimal solution. The process might look similar to recursion but dynamic programming does not need recursion in order to work. Dynamic programing has its power on being able to understand which partial results would be required in building up the final answer (Dai, Chen Zheng, 2018). Therefore, the goal of this project would be to implement dynamic programming concepts when calculating an nth value in Fibonacci numbers through memoization. Typical problems There are many cases where dynamic programming has been applied but it is very important to evaluate which approach would work best. To understand the concept of memoization, dynamic programming and its application in Fibonacci numbers, some case studies would feature in the discussion. This section would be analyzed intensively by breaking it down into overview of memoization from inception to present. The background information would give detailed concepts of memoization and its application in dynamic programming. Similarly, it will involve evaluation of the problem, its importance and relevance to the study. It is at this section where key important aspect of memoization and dynamic programming are incorporated. It is at these two levels where implementation of memoization as it has been conjoined in the dynamic programming is done. Background information Dynamic programming date back 1950s when its concept was first introduced with an objective of making complex calculation simple (Cormen et al, 2009). Its operation is based on common phenomenon of principle of optimality. The principle implies that, the general optimal solution is a mere combination of sub-optimal solutions to some of its sub-problems. An evaluation of matrix chain multiplication problem shows that, it is quite wrong to assume the only value of interest is optimal. All values in the matrix table serves as a representation of optimal solution in the problem domain. It is important to note that Fibonacci numbers starts with only two set of values; either integer 1 and 1 or 0 and 1 in relation to chosen starting point. According to Stivala et al (2010), memoization and dynamic programming is applicable in Fibonacci numbers due to the fact that, it can be expressed in a finite sequence of decisions at several stages. The combination of both recursive and memoization was meant to come up with more reliable methodology to increase the performance of program execution. It is very clear from various evaluations of research that, dynamic programming through memoization has a wide array of applications. Finally, though it is highly recommended in many projects, it presents several challenges. However, it has been successfully implemented in various projects. Problem relevance and importance The problem is quite relevant to the study in that, with dynamic programming, the recursive nature of the problem is eliminated in the program. A good example depicts itself when a program to find for nth value such as 100 is run. In this case, instead of generating an array of numbers recursively, the entire set of 99 arrays is generated once and stored in order to be used in capturing desired results (Dai, Chen Zheng, 2018). Similarly, when dynamic programming is used in a program, memoization is the critical idea that improves program execution performance by eliminating the recursive nature of execution. Dynamic programming makes use of recursion and memoization to come up with more improved performance of generating and locating a given set of Fibonacci value (Fender, 2014). Therefore, the most important aspect would be to implement memoization in a program that generates a given value in Fibonacci numbers to improve its performance index. Timeline and milestones Period Milestones 1st Week 2nd Week 3rd Week 4th Week Planning Resources acquisition Coding Testing and deployment References Cormen, T. H., Leiserson, C. E., Rivest, R. L., Stein, C. (2009). Introduction to algorithms. Cambridge: MIT Press. Dai, H. P., Chen, D. D., Zheng, Z. S. (2018). Effects of Random Values for Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm. Algorithms, 11(2), 23. Fender, p. I. T. (2014). Efficient memoization algorithms for query optimization: top-down join enumeration through... Memoization on the basis of hypergraphs: anchor academic publishing. Jaffar, J., Santosa, A. E., Voicu, R. (2008). Efficient Memoization for Dynamic Programming with Ad-Hoc Constraints. In AAAI (Vol. 8, pp. 297-303). Moerkotte, G., Neumann, T. (2008). Dynamic programming strikes back. In Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data. (pp. 539- 552). ACM. Stivala, A., Stuckey, P. J., de la Banda, M. G., Hermenegildo, M., Wirth, A. (2010). Lock-free parallel dynamic programming. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, 70(8), 839-848.

Working Conditions at Wal

Wal-Mart Stores is a leading American multinational company. The corporation operates numerous chain stores and warehouses in different parts of the world.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Working Conditions at Wal-Mart Stores specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company competes with different retailers across the globe such as Nordstrom. Wal-Mart â€Å"markets different products such as electronics, house appliances, food materials, jewelries, clothes, shoes, beauty products, and mobile devices† (Gandel, 2013, p. 1). This successful firm has also faced numerous criticisms from different labor unions and community groups. This essay summarizes three articles in order to understand the working conditions encountered by Wal-Mart’s employees. These summaries will give a clear picture of the challenges affecting many employees at Wal-Mart. Article One The article â€Å"Wal-Mart Accused of Violating W orkers’ Rights† identifies the major challenges encountered by different workers at this multinational company. According to the article, the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) had accused the company of mistreating and abusing its employees. The company was discouraging its workers from participating in various protests. Wal-Mart had â€Å"fired nineteen employees for engaging in various demonstrations† (Trottman Banjo, 2014, p. 1). However, â€Å"the managers at Wal-Mart stated clearly stated that they were addressing all the issues affecting their workers† (Trottman Banjo, 2014, p. 1). The article goes further to describe how Wal-Mart Stores has been violating various labor laws. The company was also threatening its employees after participating in various strikes. The NLRB stated that such strikes were legal and constitutional. The â€Å"company had also threatened its employees with reprisal if they participated in any protest† (Trottman Banjo, 2014, p. 1).Advertising Looking for article on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the managers and leaders at the corporation were against such claims. Wal-Mart Stores â€Å"dismissed Barbara Andridge-Collins after participating in a strike† (Trottman Banjo, 2014, p. 1). The authors also explain why â€Å"many workers at the company were complaining of reduced schedules, poor working conditions, and low wages† (Trottman Banjo, 2014, p. 2). It is agreeable that the company has failed to support their employees. This situation has affected Wal-Mart’s business performance. Article Two The article â€Å"Wal-Mart Challenges Labor Board’s Complaint† describes the responses offered by Wal-Mart after firing its employees. This article explores the actions undertaken by Wal-Mart after its employees engage in various strikes. According to the authors, Wal-Mart has fa iled to support its workers using the best remunerations and working conditions. The company â€Å"was also defending itself after dismissing its employee for participating in different strikes† (Banjo Trottman, 2014, p. 1). According to the company, it was appropriate to set the right examples in order to discourage its employees from participating in such strikes. This situation â€Å"was forcing the company to fire every employee who did not report to work† (Banjo Trottman, 2014, p. 2). The article identifies poor working conditions and low wages as the leading catalysts of these strikes. However, majority of these workers were losing their legal support after participating in such strikes. Many workers â€Å"had lost their jobs during Christmas and Thanksgiving Holidays† (Banjo Trottman, 2014, p. 2). This fact explains why it has been impossible for many workers at Wal-Mart to achieve their goals. The company has always treated strikes as forms of disrupt ion. Such disruptions tend to affect the quality of services availed to different customers.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Working Conditions at Wal-Mart Stores specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to the article, the NLRB is currently examining the challenges affecting many workers at the company. The approach will be critical towards supporting the demands of every employee at the firm. The practice will also ensure the company offers the best working conditions to its workers. Article Three The article â€Å"Why Wal-Mart Can Afford to Give its Workers a 50% Raise† explains why the retailer should reconsider the needs and expectations of its employees. The article begins by highlighting the major challenges encountered by many employees at Wal-Mart Stores. For instance, the employees encounter pathetic working environments. This malpractice has forced the workers to look for better jobs elsewh ere. Wal-Mart is currently a leading retailer in the globe. The company has faced numerous criticisms from different agencies and labor unions for offering low wages to its employees. However, statistics show that the company can offer better salaries to its workers without affecting its performance. The â€Å"company is currently in a position of increasing its wage bill because it makes over $17 billion in profits† (Gandel, 2013, p. 1). The author of the article expects the company to split its profits in a proper manner. This practice will ensure every employee gets the best salary. This practice will ensure the workers achieve their objectives and goals. The strategy will also ensure the workers support the company’s goals. Wal-Mart â€Å"has also been reinvesting its profits in the company’s operations† (Gandel, 2013, p. 2). This practice explains why the company has been opening more stores every year. Many investors and analysts believe strongly th at Wal-Mart should be ready to pay its workers better remunerations. According to Gandel (2013, p. 1), â€Å"a 50 percent pay rise can support the company’s goals and eventually make its successful†. This article examines why Wal-Mart continues to face numerous criticisms from different labor unions and government agencies.Advertising Looking for article on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The suggestions presented in this article will ensure the company improves the working conditions of its employees. Reference List Banjo, S., Trottman, M. (2014, February 2). Wal-Mart Challenges Labor Board’s Complaint. The Wall Street Journal. Web. Gandel, S. Why Wal-Mart Can Afford to Give its Workers a 50% Raise. Fortune. Web. Trottman, M., Banjo, S. (2014, January 15). Wal-Mart Accused of Violating Workers’ Rights. The Wall Street Journal. Web. This article on Working Conditions at Wal-Mart Stores was written and submitted by user Caitlyn Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.